IREC-Fundació Institut de Recerca en Energia de Catalunya

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Characterisation, fabrication, assembly and testing​ 1.Electrode and battery materials characterisation: The physiochemical properties of the cell components (carbon, binders, active materials, electrolytes, etc..) can be characterised using a large spectrum of techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, UV-vis spectrophotometry, AFM, N2-physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis, ellipsometry, PSD, ICP, AC impedance spectroscopy and conductivity measurements (4- and 2- point).​ 2.Electrode fabrication and cell assembly: Standard activities performed at IREC to evaluate new components and the effect of impurities, including new electrolyte formulations. Electrodes from fresh or recycled materials can be fabricated using the Doctor Blade technique and calendaring to mimic commercial high-loading electrodes. IREC can assemble specific coin cells: half-, symmetric-, 3-electrode and full-cells for the electrochemical characterisation of electrodes and cell components.​ 3. Electrochemical testing: IREC has several cell and battery testers and potentiostats with > 100 coin cell channels available, some installed inside a glove box for electrode characterisation in inert conditions. Galvanostatic and potentiostatic techniques are combined with ac impedance spectroscopy using equivalent circuit analysis to identify the main electrical contributions. Also, the diffusivity and conductivities of cell components can be evaluated and correlated to post-mortem studies.​ 4. Ageing tests: Battery cell (≤30 Ah) testing can also be conducted at high temperatures using an ACS/ATT climate chamber model FM600 in the temperature range of -35/100 ˚C and relative humidity range of 10-98%.​ 5. Post-mortem characterisation: End-of-life battery cells can be dismantled and components investigated to identify degradation mechanisms. For post-mortem analysis the following techniques are available: XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, UV-vis spectrophotometry, AFM, chemisorption, N2-physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis, ellipsometry, PSD and ICP.​ Modelling, data acquisition, hardware in the loop and automation​ 1. Modelling and control systems: Including SoX estimators and indicators (SoS, SoF, RUL,..) and modelling of degradation mechanisms.​ 2. Sensors: At cell level to correlate digital version with physical one, data transmission, calibration, adaptive modelling, early failure detection,…​ 3. AI and Machine Learning: Stablish data space framework, generate dynamic database, training and validation of AI based methodologies to enhance system design and generate accurate projections of performance providing assistance to decision making.​ 4. XiL and automated testing: With battery cells and all formats, combining multi-physics models, data driven approaches, sensors and real-time calculations with HPC.​ ​4. Ageing tests: Battery cell (≤30 Ah) testing can also be conducted at high temperatures using an ACS/ATT climate chamber model FM600 in the temperature range of -35/100 ˚C and relative humidity range of 10-98%.​ 5. Post-mortem characterisation: End-of-life battery cells can be dismantled and components investigated to identify degradation mechanisms. For post-mortem analysis the following techniques are available: XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, UV-vis spectrophotometry, AFM, chemisorption, N2-physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis, ellipsometry, PSD and ICP.​ Modelling, data acquisition, hardware in the loop and automation​ Modelling and control systems: Including SoX estimators and indicators (SoS, SoF, RUL,..) and modelling of degradation mechanisms.​ Sensors: At cell level to correlate digital version with physical one, data transmission, calibration, adaptive modelling, early failure detection,…​ AI and Machine Learning: Stablish data space framework, generate dynamic database, training and validation of AI based methodologies to enhance system design and generate accurate projections of performance providing assistance to decision making.​ XiL and automated testing: With battery cells and all formats, combining multi-physics models, data driven approaches, sensors and real-time calculations with HPC.​ ​

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